He became somewhat of a war hero during the First World War, during which he was a talented propagandist against his own country, Great Britain. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary This idea was borrowed by Chamberlain from many racist historians and theoreticians of the time. Chamberlain could very well have been a poor mans Hegel: rewriting the history of civilization in a less than talented way, apologizing for not being able to elaborate further on what he was talking about because it would take too long and writing much nonsense on the science of the time which he was already busy repudiating. A translation from the German by JOHN LEES, M.A., D.Litt. Schemann, Ludwig, Die Rasse in den GeisteswissenschaftenBand II: Hauptepochen und Hauptvlker der Geschichte in ihrer Stellung zur Rasse, Munich, Lehmanns Verlag, 1930. Still, the Greeks were far from perfect. Long, long handshake! Not a Jew, by all means! He resented Chamberlain for not being aware of that scourge. In the 1920s, he met Hitler. Enqute sur la gense de lhistoire de lart, Paris, PUF, Perspectives Germaniques, 2000. As for Aristotle, he would not have been remembered in the same way had it not been for Plato. This idea allowed Chamberlain to combine both his vast amount of knowledge in history as well as in the humanities, in general. We have to thank Rome () that it transferred the centre of gravity of civilization to the West and that the Jewish-Asian spell was broken, so that Germanic Europe became the beating heart and the thinking brain of whole mankind.14. Houston Stewart Chamberlain and the Race Struggle of - ResearchGate Houston Stewart Chamberlain was an English-born German writer who formulated the most important theory of Teutonic superiority in pre-Hitlerian German thought. SpracheRasseReligion, Darmstadt, WBG, 2001, 464p. 4 Field, Geoffrey G., Evangelist of Race. From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart She married Siegfried, Richard Wagners only son, and was considered the only true custodian and bailiff in Bayreuth after Siegfrieds death, as well as a sort of muse for Adolf Hitler, whom she greatly admired. Reassured though he was to have met the saviour of Germany and of the German race, Chamberlain did not die right away and had to wait four more years before falling into a deep and peaceful sleep. Ludwig Schemann exerted a great intellectual influence on the other members of the Wagner circle, popularizing what people started to call the Vlkisch ideology3: to fight against the (revolutionary) French idea of Nation based on the (false) assumption of equality. (Houston Stewart Chamberlain, 1855 9 9 ~ 1927 1 9 ) , , . The Superior Aryan Race . And Chamberlain would not be the last to perform such a tour de force. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Methodenkritik, in, Hellas: Griechische Geschichte und deutsche Geisteswissenschaft. Dass der Schwerpunkt der Kultur endgltig nach Westen verlegt, dass der semitisch-asiatische Bann gebrochen (), dass das vorwiegend indogermanische Europa nunmehr das schlagende Herz und das sinnende Hirn der ganzen Menschheit wurde, das ist das Werk Roms, Ibid., p.168. The Persians indeed were Jews, at least as much as the Greeks were Germans, and the Persian Wars were nothing else than a racial struggle which lasted over a century between Asia and Europe. Wo ist ein grosser, schpferischer Naturforscher unter den Rmern? Category:Houston Stewart Chamberlain - Wikimedia Commons Those three cities had been, throughout the 19th century, the epitome of Western culture: the Greeks had bequeathed philosophy and the arts, the Romans the Law and the Empire, and Jerusalem had opened a new path to salvation with the teachings of Jesus Christ. If Germanic blood is not protected against the Jewish infection, Europe will perish. He was therefore read and admired by the major figures of the Nazi ideologyone of whom was Hitlerand became, just before he died, in the 1920s, one of the leading minds of their movement. copies. Without him, the Indo-Europeans would have disappeared. Der Fanatiker erhitzt die Kpfe, Sie erwrmen die Herzen. . 16After the shock of the First World War and of Germanys defeat, Chamberlain slowly faded away. Bergen, Doris L., Twisted Cross. Eugenics and antisemitism - The Holocaust Explained Jahrhunderts, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005. It is no wonder that an Englishman like Chamberlain became part of the Wagner Circle for Britons were considered to be members of the Aryan race like any other German(ic) man. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born author of books on political philosophy, natural science and his posthumous father-in-law Richard Wagner.His two-volume book Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century) (1899) became one of the many references for the pan-Germanic movement of the early twentieth . If the Greeks were philosophers, the Romans were lawyers. Houston Stewart Chamberlain was born in Southsea, England, on Sept. 9, 1855. The known world, the, , reached its apex around the first century A.D., when the Romans, having conquered Greece, managed to combine their chtonian. Were Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Neville Chamberlain related More importantly, they would prevent any further decadence and avoid mixing with inferior races, like the Jews or other crossbreds. Die athenische Demokratie und die deutsche Althistorie bis 1945, Peter Lang, Bern, New York, 1986, 332p. 9 Decultot, Elisabeth, Johann Joachim Winckelmann. This meant rewriting, mimicking and sometimes even plagiarizing parts of Hegels, , which, since it had been posthumously published in 1837, had become mandatory homework for those who wanted an easy introduction to the work of the great philosopher. This race of heroes which carried out a Herculean task by creating the Imperium was defeated by hybrid weaklings from Asia minor, Greeks and Jews who infiltrated the Empire and the most inner circles of imperial power, thus becoming the juridicial counsellors of the throne. Chamberlain criticized them for their lack of political sense: The Greeks have always been, and are still today, unfaithful, unpatriotic, self-centred7. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary It was not really a success, mainly because Hitler did not agree with Chamberlains glorification of Christian culture; but also because he believed that Christ was a mixed-blood; he who was born, according to the Fhrer, from a Roman soldier and a Palestinian prostitute named Mary, : You cannot make an Aryan out of Jesus that is nonsense. You stand by us when we are near despair. Wie Jesus zum Arier wurde. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Not a Jew, by all means! They settled down in Greece and Rome, enjoying the benefits of cultural photosynthesis, thanks to the sun and mild climate of the Mediterranean. Jerusalem is to be destroyed: an imperative the Romans followed at least twice, to crush the rebellions of those Jews who spend their time revolting against every state order because their race was synonymous with chaos. Language. He could have been a typical character from A Room with a View; he who could not embrace the military career his father had ambitioned for him and went on travelling instead. Jahrhundert, auf welches wir jetzt () mit Stolz und zu Hoffnungen berechtigt zurckblicken, niemals erlebt, Ibid., p.161. Feb by Claudio. They then left testimonies of their genius in immaculate and pristine temples that were currently used, in the 19. century, to demonstrate the superiority of white mankind. The Jewish Pocket | Houston Stewart Chamberlain Delenda est Carthago, but this time for gooda word to the wise for people who were sent fighting the new Carthage of Jewish bolshevism on the Eastern front. He mumbles, wants to speak, he can'tand then weeps like a child! He eventually settled in Dresden, Germany, after his Prussian tutor had filled his young mind with Teutonic tales of Germanic greatness. For many people in the 19, : many Christian racists of the period could not bear the idea of their Messiah being a Jew. While their cousins who had stayed in the north still ate raw meat and lived in caverns, the Germans of the Souththat is to say, the Greeks and the Romansate healthy food and created civilisation. The Teutonic warrior is therefore celebrated by Chamberlains book with the same resonating fury as Wagners operas: Ohne ihn ging der Tag des Indoeuropers zu Ende. I, chap. To prove the excellence of Germanic blood, scientists and race specialists had argued, since the 1830s, that every light came from the North, and not from the East. . The Romans, of course, were the best, but they did not protect themselves; they did not protect the excellence of their blood. 6 Drben, im asiatischen Osten, hatten und haben nicht einmal die Menschen Persnlichkeit, hier, in Hellas, ist jeder Fluss, jeder Stein belebt, individualisiert, die stumme Natur erwacht zum Bewusstsein ihrer selbst, in Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, op. Houston Stewart Chamberlain | Occult History of the Third Reich Historians must therefore make the effort to understand that, for Chamberlains coevals, his book was important in that it provided an answer, at the time, to important questions and, to a larger extent, tried to give a meaning to history. (PDF) Houston Stewart Chamberlain and the Race Struggle of Western Corrections? 10, p.153. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary. Remaining in Germany during World War I, Chamberlain received the German Military Cross in 1915 and became naturalized the next year. If the Greeks were philosophers, the Romans were lawyers. Counter-revolutionary theoreticians exalted in Germany the biological idea of the Volk and coined the word vlkisch as an alternative to the French adjective national. 10, p.296, in the English translation by MURPHY, James, London, Hurst and Blackett, 1939, vol. Ein Beitrag zur historischen, Athens represented, for Chamberlain, the beauty of ideas and the greatness of philosophy, which as such is not a very original idea. 5 Sourced Quotes. During ancient times, the Germans ruled over their conception of the world and could therefore explore and organize it: the science of the Greeks helped understand the cosmos, while the legions and the laws of the Romans imposed the Nordic order to the world. This lie, which poisons both the life of the individual and of society, this lie, which will drag us sooner or later into utter barbarism, for it will, as a . This would be taught in the ideological courses every member of the party (among which, members of the SS) had to take. This meant rewriting, mimicking and sometimes even plagiarizing parts of Hegels Lectures on the Philosophy of History, which, since it had been posthumously published in 1837, had become mandatory homework for those who wanted an easy introduction to the work of the great philosopher. The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was an English author of books on political philosophy, natural science. cystic fibrosis foundation evidence-based guidelines for management of; 1986 world cup england squad; . This essay introduces a textual primary source in the form of Anti-Semitic and Judeophobic excerpts from the book Foundations of the Nineteenth Century Volume 1 written by Houston Stewart Chamberlain in Germany during the late 19th century and was first published in 1899. The most important promoter of racial ideology in Europe during the mid-19th century was Joseph-Arthur, comte de Gobineau, who had an almost incalculable effect on late 19th-century social theory. The Europe the Romans had ambitioned was saved by a racial messiah: the Germanic tribes which, by invading the Empire, preserved the continent and its civilization. If Greece had fathered the spirit, Rome had mastered the organisation. , Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940, p.51. , Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, 463p. And Weindling, Paul. He also wrote numerous books on the theory of races, among which an important collection called, that earned him fame and glory in his later years, under the Third Reich. After years of travelling and wandering/wondering about new ideas, he found in the racist theories of Schemann and other Rassentheoretiker of the time a unified vision of the worlda true Weltanschauung. What Chamberlain wrote in his Foundations is just stupid, to put it nicely22. Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und afrikanische Knecht bis zum Thron des rmischen Imperiums hinaufgeschlichen, inzwischen der syrische Bastard sich des Gesetzeswerkes bemchtigte, der Jude die Bibliothek zu Alexandria benutzte, um hellenische Philosophie dem mosaischen Gesetze anzupassen (). Nordicism is an ideology of racism which views the Nordic race as a superior and sometimes as an endangered racial group. Apart from being a compendium of all the cultural clichs of the time, Chamberlains. If only those elites would come to that same awareness, they would crush any opposition and rule the world for good. Es gibt eine Gewalt, die aus Chaos stammt und zu Chaos hinfhrt, und es gibt eine Gewalt, deren Wesen es ist, Kosmos zu gestalten. Houston Stewart Chamberlain - Wikidata This attempt at completing the Nazi evangelium was not crowned with success: Hitler, who considered Mein Kampf as sufficiently self-explanatory, despised Rosenbergs reflections which Goering himself went as far as to call a mere philosophical burp. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born author of books on political philosophy, natural science and Richard Wagner. especially since Houston Stewart Chamberlain, a forerunner of Nazi racial ideology, embraced it. By way of mixture and integration, the Romans changed and gave birth to a breed of mongrels, giving out the Roman citizenship (, ) to every free man on earth. And Chamberlain would not be the last to perform such a, under the Third Reich; for instance, an official Protestant church pledged to the Nazi party, . Houston Stewart Chamberlain - Wikipedia In 1907 he settled in Bayreuth and married Wagners only daughter Eva, his second wife. An early Lord Haw-Haw of sorts who was even awarded the iron cross by Kaiser William II, not for fighting in the muddy trenches of the Somme, but for insulting London in vindictive articles. Christianity is, for the author, a pillar of European culture. Houston Stewart Chamberlain and the Race Struggle of Western History "In this manner the ground was prepared for the emergence of a new race of'Supermen'," said Houston Stewart Chamberlain. 28 Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926, 782p. Quote from vol. What can you say of a 1200 years long history that does not offer a single philosopher, not even the most modest one? Chamberlain criticized them for their lack of political sense: The Greeks have always been, and are still today, unfaithful, unpatriotic, self-centred, . Houston had an enthusiasm towards superiority of the "Teutonic" race, a category that he used synonymously with "Aryan" and "Germanic." because of Houston's beliefs, he soon became a well-known writer for his articles on . Nearly as significant and important was the fact that, thanks to the Roman conquest, the Greeks finally turned their back to the East, in other words to Asia: Without Rome, undoubtedly, Europe would have been a mere perpetuation of the Asian chaos. His most fundamental idea was that the Germanic race was the cornerstone and the pillar of civilization. Hitler, Adolf, private talk from Oct. 21st, 1941, Fhrerhauptquartier, quoted in Hitler, Adolf, Den Jesus knnen Sie nicht zum Arier machen, das ist Unsinn. While the Greeks rejoiced in the company of ideas, the Romans were materialists in both the best and the worst sense of the term. She married Siegfried, Richard Wagners only son, and was considered the only true custodian and bailiff in Bayreuth after Siegfrieds death, as well as a sort of muse for Adolf Hitler, whom she greatly admired. 13 As a true Wagnerian, Chamberlain needed heroes and saviours. cit., pp. Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. His big eyes burn like fire. Broken, mumbling, tears in his eyes. otto porter wilt chamberlain son. He became ill but was reinvigorated by a visit Adolf Hitler paid him in 1923. What can you say of a 1200 years long history that does not offer a single philosopher, not even the most modest one? Why was the world precisely how it should be (the white population thus rewarded for its supremacy over the others)? The Germanic giants from the forests of the north were blood from their blood and spirit from their spirit, and, as such, the true heir of the Romans and of the Greeks, . 6But what was to be said about Rome? . One of the most important features of Darwin's theory was his proposed mechanism for evolution: natural selection through the struggle for existence. Rome was destroyed by the Jews because it had not protected the purity of its race and because it was never able to lead a proper racial war: a total war of annihilation. An Anthology of Texts, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945. , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989. , Leipzig, 1869. Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, Sehr geehrter und lieber Herr Hitler 7. This beautiful race (in every regard) was dominant in Germany and Austria, but also within the elites of the British Empire and of the United States of America; it extended to the French elites as well, but only partly. He became somewhat of a war hero during the First World War, during which he was a talented propagandist against his own country, Great Britain. After the shock of the First World War and of Germanys defeat, Chamberlain slowly faded away. SpracheRasseReligion, Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a typical member of the 19, century British gentry but had the most atypical destinya destiny which was built around the culture of two countries: England which he left early and Germany which was to become his true home. In his book, we can read that Plato was, by all means, a great philosopher. Jesus Christ was, strangely enough, of pure Germanic blood. Mind, Jew. While the Greeks rejoiced in the company of ideas, the Romans were materialists in both the best and the worst sense of the term. Sie haben Gewaltiges zu leisten vor sich, aber trotz Ihrer Willenskraft halte ich Sie nicht fr einen Gewaltmenschen. Foundations of the Nineteenth Century - Goodreads Later, when the Jews rebelled in Palestine, under Vespasian and Titus, and then under Hadrian, they were beaten once again: There is a second roman delenda of overwhelming significance for world history: the delenda est Hierosolyma. Camera Memoria: Photographic Memory from the Margins, Representing Whiteness in US Film and Television, Unheard Possibilities: Reappraising Classical Film Music Scoring and Analysis, Rethinking Laughter in Contemporary Anglophone Theatre, War in Poetry: Breaking into Family and Everyday Life, Lexprimental dans la littrature et les arts contemporains, Early American Surrealisms, 1920-1940 / Parable Art, Thomas Spence and his Legacy: Bicentennial Perspectives, Images on the Move: Circulations and Transfers in film, Coincidences / Circulating towards and across the British Isles, In Umbra Voluptatis : Shades, Shadows, and their Felicities/ Film Adaptations, New Interactions, South and Race / Staging Mobility in the United States. 21 Hitler, Adolf, private talk from Oct. 21st, 1941, Fhrerhauptquartier, quoted in Hitler, Adolf, Monologe im Fhrerhauptquartier, 1941-1944. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary This is summed up by Chamberlain who, contrary to Hegel who wrote Ex oriente lux, pretends that Ex septentrione lux: the beacon of civilization lies in the north with the white Germanic race. Chamberlain chose to revisit this holy triangle through the vlkisch perspective. 19Although he did not agree with everything he had written in the Foundations, Hitler knew how to value such honour. Their existence is sin, their existence is a crime against the holy laws of life. Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1600-06, Houston Stewart Chamberlain.jpg 367 599; 94 KB. () Where are the roman scientists? He then joined the Nazi party before he passed away in 1927. This idea according to which the Greeks and the Germans shared the same taste for beauty had been a commonplace for Konversationslexika since Johann Winckelmann published, in 1764, his Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (History of Ancient Art).9 In the words of Chamberlain: This assumption of the importance of the arts corresponds to a specific character of the German mind, if I am not mistaken10. Jetzt glaube ich einzusehen, da dies grade Ihr Wesen bezeichnet und sozusagen umschliet: der wahre Erwecker ist zugleich Spender der Ruhe. Twisted Cross. This idea allowed Chamberlain to combine both his vast amount of knowledge in history as well as in the humanities, in general. He eventually settled in Dresden, Germany, after his Prussian tutor had filled his young mind with Teutonic tales of Germanic greatness. Miranda. Ohne ihn ging der Tag des Indoeuropers zu Ende. What is left of Rome today is no other than a landscape of ruins which looks like the white skeleton of a dead civilization. In very ancient times, Germanic tribes had come from the north to colonize the south. Houston Stewart Chamberlain was an Englishman who had married Richard Wagner's daughter. Like Hegel, Chamberlain praised the Greeks for inventing freedom and the key notion of personality: Over there, in Asia, in the East, no man had ever been a person. Sie kennen Goethes Unterscheidung von Gewalt und Gewalt! 29 results in SearchWorks catalog - Stanford University by ; in john and livi come dine with me; on June 29, 2022 . Hitler and Goebbels got the chance to pay him another visit, in May 1926, just before he passed away. After France, Italy, Belgium, he ended up in Vienna, then in Geneva, where he earned a Bachelors degree in Science. They were never able to create a unified Hellenic state and, instead, spent centuries launching fratricide wars against each other, only to exhaust the race in endless massacres of the Athenians by the Spartans and vice versa, until it bled to death. Trailblazer, pioneer! You are free: to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix - to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution - You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If Greece had fathered the spirit, Rome had mastered the organisation. Es hat meine Gedanken beschftigt, wieso gerade Sie, der Sie in so seltenem Grade ein Erwecker der Seelen aus Schlaf und Schlendrian sind, mir einen so langen erquickenden Schlaf neulich schenkten, wie ich einen hnlichen nicht erlebt habe seit dem verhngnisvollen Augusttag 1914, wo das tckische Leiden mich befiel. Houston S. Chamberlain's 1923 Letter to Adolf Hitler - Renegade Tribune I want to cry out, I want to weep.29. But something is as clear as the sun at midday: if the Phenician people had not been exterminated () mankind would never have experienced () this 19, century that we can consider with pride and hope, For Chamberlain, the victory of the Carthaginians over the Romans would have been a catastrophe: We have been saved by the brutal, of Cato and the likes. 1.7 Houston Stewart Chamberlain and the Race Struggle of Western History Like Theodor Fritsch, Houston Stewart Chamberlain represents an important link between the vlkisch anti-Semitism of the late 19th century and the ideology of Hitler and the Nazi party. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (20+ Sourced Quotes) - Lib Quotes This book has the reputation of being hard, if not impossible, to read. They settled down in Greece and Rome, enjoying the benefits of cultural photosynthesis, thanks to the sun and mild climate of the Mediterranean. . His most fundamental idea was that the Germanic race was the cornerstone and the pillar of civilization. Silent nature awakes to the consciousness of itself, . Jahrhunderts wurde ein Weltbestseller. Die athenische Demokratie und die deutsche Althistorie bis 1945. , Peter Lang, Bern, New York, 1986, 332p. Wo ist ein grosser, schpferischer Naturforscher unter den Rmern? As a tribute to Chamberlain, and in the similar style of his book, Alfred Rosenberg, the chief ideologist of the Nazi party, entitled his own work, , the gospel of Nazism. 1.7 Houston Stewart Chamberlain and the Race Struggle of Western History Like Theodor Fritsch, Houston Stewart Chamberlain represents an important link between Bust of Houston Stewart Chamberlain.jpg 456 722; 99 KB. (1855-1927) Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the Anglo-German race theorist and philosophical and . The known world, the oekoumene, reached its apex around the first century A.D., when the Romans, having conquered Greece, managed to combine their chtonian gravitas with the celestial intelligence and inspiration of the Greeks. idea ideal importance individual influence inner interest Italy Jewish Kant knowledge later less limited living material matter means mechanical merely mind moral mysticism nature never observation once original Paul personality philosophy political possess possible practical present principle proved purely . (). In 1899, his. Chamberlain chose to revisit this holy triangle through the vlkisch perspective. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who spoke fluent German, belonged from then on to the sanctum of Germano-maniac racism, a group of worshippers who had gathered around Richard Wagner: Wagner, the bard of a reinvented Germanic mythology, who celebrated heroic figures of oneiric purity and had a slight tendency of considering that his agethe 19th centurywas leading white Germanic mankind towards decadence, degeneration and death. , Leipzig, 1869. Among them were Houston Stewart Chamberlain and many members of what historians later called the Bayreuther Kreis, an informal circle of members and friends of the Wagner family, including Cosima Wagner, the wife of the Master, and Ludwig Schemann. Only 1869 did Richard Wagner authorize its publication under his name. Houston Stewart Chamberlain - Springer This second visit was, according to Goebbels, a heartbreaking episode which Berlins new, Das Tagebuch von Joseph Goebbels, 1925-1926. Sie kennen Goethes Unterscheidung von Gewalt und Gewalt! Immediately download the Houston Stewart Chamberlain summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Griechenland hat stets nach Asien gravitiert, bis Rom es losriss. Chamberlain is not the first eccentric who is championing this very bizarre causeperhaps bizarre only to us. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was a British-born naturalized German natural scientist, and author of popular scientific and political philosophy books (includes those on Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant and Johann Wolfgang Goethe) as well as proponent of a nationalist and pan-Germanic antisemitism. Furthermore, his belonging to the Wagner family was a letter of credit and a sign of distinction in the small but growing world of the far right movements. Here, in Greece, every river, every stone lives and is an individual. For many people in the 19th century, it was a vital question19: many Christian racists of the period could not bear the idea of their Messiah being a Jew. Please, do not mention this painstaking compiler, good enough to write mediocre encyclopaedias named Plinius11. In it, he provides his readership with a new approach to Western history in relation to the question of race and the necessary rise of Germanic power. In a criminal way, the Asian and African slave had crawled up to the throne of the Roman Empire.
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