While Gardners theory of multiple intelligences has been broadly influential at a professional level, as well as wildly popular at a commercial level, it has not been without its critics. It is the original psychodynamic theory and inspired psychologists such as Jung and Erikson to develop their own psychodynamic theories. (Connectionism, as it relates to cognitive psychology, is the idea that the form of computation employed by the mind is massively parallel, distributed processing-as opposed to the serial processing used by an ordinary laptop.) being equal, the people who self-report being the happiest are the ones with the strongest interpersonal ties and social support networks. The roots of biopsychology began when Charles Darwin formulated his theory of natural selection during his global travels. Gardner is a developmental psychologist who has primarily focused on child development and the psychology of education. Meltzoff began his career by studying the ability of very young infants to imitate adult facial expressions and manual gestures, culminating in a landmark paper published in 1977,[6] in which Meltzoff and co-author M. Keith Moore established conclusively that infants as young as two weeks old are capable of reliably imitating adult expressions and gestures-one of the first results to demonstrate that neonates possess far more sophisticated cognitive abilities than anyone had hitherto suspected. No more love and hate, but merely the firing of neurons in the amygdala. Benedict Carey, Expert on Mental Illness Reveals Her Own Fight (New York Times, Health section, June 23, 2011). Gilligan is the author or co-author or some 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of nine academic books, as well as a novel. In philosophy, the first issues is how to approach what is known as the "mind-body problem," namely the explanation of the relationship, if any, that obtains between minds, or mental processes, and bodily states or processes. The focus of his doctoral work was on the treatment of phobias and general anxiety states. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1972 from Duke University and his Ph.D. in experimental psychology in 1980 from the University of Georgia. In later years, Fahrenberg took an interest in the way in which subjects belief systems, attitudes, and assumptions about human nature interact with elements of personality, as well as, conversely, the way in which philosophical assumptions and concepts impact the theory and practice of psychology professionals. Moreover, he rejects the ideal of rationality usually associated with the social sciences, pointing out that such ideals themselves derive from particular historically and culturally bound structures. The focus of Tulvings research has been the human memory system. His perceptive observations of animals resulted in his famous book on natural selection, which started an evolutionary revolution in the world of science. Psychobiology - where mind meets matter. His early work in psycholinguistics is too complex to go into here, but in a nutshell, he worked out through painstaking observations on young children some of the ways in which the verbal morphology of a childs native language is inferred from the limited examples available to it. Next, Kagan turned his attention to temperament-relatively stable personality types. The extravagant antlers of the extinct Irish elk are often cited as a case in point. Psychophysics (or experimental psychology) was pioneered by German scientists such as Gustav Fechner (18011887), Hermann von Helmholtz (1821--1894), and Wilhelm Wundt (1832--1920). As a developmental psychologist, Damon has focused his research efforts particularly on the intellectual and social development of children, adolescents, and young adults, but also, to a lesser degree, on psychological development of persons throughout the lifespan. Next, Haidt turned his attention to developing an empirically based typology of the moral emotions (moral foundations theory). After initially studying business and economics and working for a computer company for a time, she entered medical school at the University of Zurich. The IASL also employs the latest in high-tech brain-imaging techniques. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Lewis was born in France in 1942. Meltzoff was born in 1950. Tomasellos research has been focused on the question of what makes human beings so different from all other animals. According to the theory, many common IQ tests themselves fail to distinguish adequately between linguistic intelligence (verbal fluency), logico-mathematical intelligence (numeracy), and spatial intelligence (the ability to manipulate 2- and 3-D shapes), while several other types of intelligence are not measured at all by standard tests, including kinesthetic intelligence (athletic ability), interpersonal intelligence (social/emotional skill), intrapersonal intelligence (self-knowledge), and aesthetic intelligence (artistic/musical ability). List of psychologists - Wikipedia 2748. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Pennsylvania Laboratory for Experimental Evolutionary Psychology, Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being, Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates, Expert on Mental Illness Reveals Her Own Fight, Toward a Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological Science, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Personality and clinical psychology;psychiatry, Biological, comparative, and evolutionarypsychology, Cognitive psychology; psycholinguistics; behavioraleconomics, 2023 TheBestSchools.org, a Red Ventures Company. He is without a doubt best known for his theory of multiple intelligences-the highly influential idea that the sort of intelligence measured by standardized IQ tests is only one among a variety of types of intelligence deployed by human beings in their interactions with the world around them (especially the social world). Schrger was born in Munich, Germany, in 1958. He received his bachelors degree in 1956 from University College London, and his masters degree in psychology in 1957 from Princeton University. Wilhelm Wundt. With increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, Biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as: Language; Reasoning and decision making; Consciousness. Roger Sperry 1913-1994 American psychologist who received the Nobel prize in 1981 for his pioneering research on brain specialization in split-brain patients. However, while to our modern eyes this history may appear unfortunate, giving rise to racism, the tendency itself is not really linked to race as such (which is in any case a modern social construct). References Bouchard, Thomas J, Jr. Lykken, David T. McGue, Matthew. ), a physician who in The Canon of Medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. His five categories are: caring; fairness; group loyalty; respect for authority; and purity (sanctity). In other work, Shepard has conducted experiments on the auditory system. Study Conducted in 1968 in an Iowa classroom. From this academic perch, Fahrenberg exerted a major influence on psychology throughout the German-speaking world and beyond. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Socio- Cultural Psychology. Through his popular books, his frequent op-ed pieces and essays in such venues as the New York Times, the Guardian, and the Atlantic, his blogs on Slate, and his interviews with National Public Radio (NPR) and elsewhere, Bloom has communicated his fascinating and influential ideas to a wide audience far beyond the normal confines of academia. This idea was called rational choice theory (or expected utility theory). To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. His doctoral dissertation on the subject of language acquisition was supervised by Susan Carey. He also found that, while cognitive development is of course dependent upon many important factors in the childs environment, it is nevertheless quite robust in the sense that early delays may be reliably compensated for later once the environment impediments to normal development are removed. Kagan was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1929. Monday is dedicated to providing the best educational project management solution. It was there that she worked closely with developmental psychologists Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg. He explored the personality and human psyche as it relates to the id, the ego and the superego. The 25 Most Influential Psychological Experiments in History Her popular college textbook, Psychology, co-written with Carole Wade and first published in the 1980s, was one of the first introductory texts to present research on gender and culture to a wide student audience. 4. Tulving is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the US National Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society of London (FRS). Seligman, Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2004, July, 5(1): 131. The spiritualist and the associationist must both be "cerebralists," to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result. He is currently Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology (Emeritus) at Harvard University, as well as Co-Faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. Biological psychologists may often be interested in measuring some biological variable, such as an anatomical, physiological, or genetic variable, in an attempt to relate it quantitatively or qualitatively to a psychological or behavioral variable, and thus, contribute to evidence based practice. Famous Interviews with Joe Dimino - Mental Health Advocate & Writer She received her bachelors degree in philosophy from Reed College, and her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from Harvard University. Aronsons is one of the most famous names in the discipline of social psychology, due in no small part to his best-selling survey of the entire field, entitled The Social Animal, first published in 1972. Agonists can be delivered systemically (such as by intravenous injection) or locally (intracebrally) during a surgical procedure. New York: Appleton Century Crofts. Gopnik has worked at the intersection of developmental psychology and cognitive science. Mischel found that many years later children who were able to delay gratification had superior academic achievement, greater family and job stability, and even higher earnings. For example, he has proposed an encoding specificity principle, which states that the retrieval cue involved in recall of an episodic memory must have at least a partial informational overlap with the memory to be retrieved. A chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. Nor has it hurt that he is a well-known atheist activist, or that many of his books contain a subtext of secularist evangelism, weaving themes from evolutionary psychology throughout (see the entry for David M. Buss, above). He received his bachelors degree in social relations in 1965 at Harvard College, where he came into contact with Erik Erikson. In 1991, he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association(APA). Schmid Mast was born in 1965 in the small town of Olten in Switzerland, about halfway between Basel and Zurich. In recent years, Kagan has turned his attention to a series of problems he finds with the psychological profession itself, including: disregarding the difference in settings in which experimental studies are conducted; basing theories and practices on single measures, rather than complex, multi-dimensional measurements; defining mental illnesses on the basis of symptoms without regard for etiology; and treating disorders with drugs that are non-specific for the disorder. Dr. Andrew Meltzoff: Born Learning (CGTN America [China Global Television Network], January 2, 2016). The focus of study of physiological psychology is the neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of nonhuman animal subjects in controlled experiments. Kahneman and Tversky felt that rational choice theory was unrealistic, and they set out to develop more empirically adequate models by making the more realistic assumption of bounded rationality. 2.1 Biological Psychology - Introduction to Psychology - 1st Canadian 5. Pargament has courted controversy by questioning the overwhelmingly rejectionist status quo of the psychology profession, and by maintaining that religious training, preferably along pluralistic lines, ought to be a mandatory component of the education of psychotherapists. Psych 101 is a general psychology text adapted to an online guided format, which summarizes the major theories . Later, Goleman worked primarily as a literary journalist and freelance writer. The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). Similarly, males are predisposed to promiscuity (because of the low physiological cost of their gametes) and to intense jealousy (to avoid being duped into giving resources to offspring not genetically related to them), whereas females are predisposed to give the appearance of fidelity (though not necessarily always the reality). Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (Harper & Row, 1974). She is currently Distinguished Professor of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine, where she also holds appointments as Professor of Cognitive Science and Professor of Law. This research was conducted mainly to throw light on how the brain functions in natural environments; however, mental rotation tasks have become a standard part of psychologists cognitive assessment toolkit (such as intelligence tests). Famous Psychologists & Theories: Ainsworth, Mary - Attachment Theory. He earned his bachelors degree from Brandeis University in 1954, and his masters degree from Wesleyan University-where he worked with David McClellandin 1956. He writes that, albeit with the best of intentions, the relentless focus on self-esteem and so-called child-centered classrooms and child-rearing practices not only reflect a theoretical misunderstanding of childrens real needs, but have been disastrous in practice. His most famous work, On . In addition to The Social Animal, Aronson has authored, co-authored, or edited some two dozen books aimed at popular and academic audiences, as well as an autobiography and a work of fiction for children. For the purposes of this article, we have excluded persons whose primary academic affiliation lies in a philosophy department, or in one of the other humanities, or in some other social science. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. 250 (1990), pp223-8. Cosmides was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1957. Geoffrey Miller, What Should We Be Worried About? Having been taken up by scholars of so many diverse scientific and philosophical perspectives, Roschs own work is difficult to categorize in a definitive fashion.