"Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue (cf. Museum, British. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. 2, pp. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through the tenth centuries B.C.E. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceedings of the 42th RAI [1995], Leuven, 1999, pp. W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. Kassites Govern Babylon - Amazing Bible Timeline with World History (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. Ordu niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Sosyal Bilimler Idem, Beitrge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit, Baghdader Forschungen 21, Mainz, 2001. Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. Ghent and Chicago: The University of Ghent and The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . This time period is the same time period we read about in Joshua and Judges (though, some scholars disagree on the exodus timing). The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. They were conquered by Alexander the Great but later regained their independence. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. (2012). Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. According to the accounts in Genesis, and the dates that follow throughout the entirety of the era of Kings and Judges, the Exodus occurred in 1312bce, which is 2448 years from the creation of Adam. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia. Balkan, 1954, pp. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). Babylon | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. The chronology of the Kassite rulers is very uncertain. The Middle Babylonian / Kassite Period (ca. 1595-1155 B.C.) in The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). For a time I said I was an atheist. The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. The Biblical Garden of Eden The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Ramose was her father. Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? And the flood was in 1656 from Adam. 219-45. 233-42. 73, No. 14155, Hjlund, Flemming. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. Volume 1 Kardunia. The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypts enemies. What Really Happened Between Ruth and Boaz On The Threshing Floor. 88 f.). When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. 5. The Rise And Fall Of Babylon | Bible.org Download Free PDF View PDF. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). 1, pp. In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. 403-10. Kassites are recorded in Nuzi during the 15th century BCE (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. 11119, Pedersn, Olof. Havilah | Encyclopedia.com All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf. Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. After Hammurabi, Babylon was taken by the Kassites who called the city Karanduniash. "uqamuna und u/imalija." (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. Thus Rameses means to come from Ra and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus he was drawn from the water. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . how much did lawrence welk band members make; walmart distribution center pedricktown, nj 08067; smoked coffee beans on pellet smoker; power xl air fryer turn off beeping Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . They were used to mark official items and ownership. Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. Abraham, K. (2013). The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. Moses' two brothers, Korah and Aaron, were Horite . The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh - Khan Academy KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. The Kassites kings pursued a policy of dynastic marriages with rulers of the other contemporary Near Eastern powers, namely, Elam (from the reign of Burnaburia II onwards until that of Meli-hu; see van Dijk, 1986, pp. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. 925, Yaln, Serdar. ''Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf'', Journal of Near Eastern Studies, LXV/2, 111-119.Richardson, S. (2005). 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. In time, a new dynasty emerged. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 124, no. The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. 20, 2010, pp. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. (10)" . Kassite period. However, I dont think that Ahmose IIs stele tells the story. 31-45, 47-73, 106-33. I read the Bible four times as a child I thought I believed different from everyone else. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Aktuelle Forschungsprobleme in der vorderasiatischen Archologie, Hildesheim, 1995, pp. Gihon Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY - JW.ORG Abraham's Ur - Accuracy In Genesis Volume 2 Kardunia. There were 36 kings in this dynasty ruling 576 years and 9 months. A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The genealogies of the Bible reveal that intermarriage of the ruler-priests lines continued to the time of Jesus. The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. kassites in the bible. For less than $1 a week, you'll get devotionals, Bible study guides, thematic studies, and much more! Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 413, n. 22). They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. What Are The Names of the Thieves Crucified With Christ. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. 54, 1992, pp. 91-113. 240-44. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. Large Map of Israel in the First Century - Click around on the Cities. (Gen. 3:15) It is from the Horite priesthood that the priesthood of Israel developed. [15][16] Kudurrus, stone stele used to record land grants and related documents provide another source for Kassite history. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Who Were the Assyrians in the Bible? - Synonym 49, no. Who Were the Ancient Chaldeans? - Learn Religions 45-52. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? It is either anachronistic, or a poor translation. Armstrong, James A., and Hermann Gasche. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). Submitted by Jan van der Crabben, published on 03 August 2011. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. . It is possible that the Habiru in the Amarna Letters are a mix of Hebrews from Egypt and also local rebels from the previous Hebrew peoples, like Abraham was. The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. According to history, what we do know is that they first appeared as a military force in the time of Samsuiluna (1749-1712 BC), Hammurapi's successor, but that is all we know about them until the time that they established a dynasty in Babylonia, around 1595 BC. [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. Kassite and Elamite Kings". Who Were the Hittites? - Biblical Archaeology Society Early Periods, 4. 3, 1982, pp. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. Some prebendaries in Babylonian temple cities bore Kassite ancestors names as late as the Achaemenid period (see Zadok, 2003, p. 482, with n. 6). [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. Adad-shuma-usur had the longest reign that lasted for about 30 years. The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. Bible History - C. 1404-1062 BC From the beginning, we have great leaders of the people such as Abraham, Joseph, Moses, and Joshua. Kassites. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Tabernacle of Ancient Israel - Brief Overview of the Tabernacle of Moses in the Wilderness and the Ark of the Covenant. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Krishna was at once a Kurus, an Abhira, and a Yadava. 14151155 BCE." Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium,. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. The first-millennium Babylonian King Lists assign the Kassite dynasty the longest rule of all the other dynasties who ruled Babylonia: 36 kings who ruled for 576 years and nine months. Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. Ancient Babylon, the iconic Mesopotamian city that survived for 2,000 Brill, pp. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. As for the meaning of Ahmose, I am no Egyptologist but I am fairly certain that his name means born of Iah (the moond god). The Kassites, controlled Mesopotamia from 1595 to 1157 B.C. The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. 1, 1989, pp. Books Just Genesis : Who Were the Horite Hebrew? - Blogger The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. M. Stol, Studies in Old Babylonian History, Publications de lInstitut historique-archologique nerlandais de Stamboul 40, Leiden, 1975. Elam, Biblical Figure - Amazing Bible Timeline with World History Once Kassite rulers were finally overthrown, they never regained power. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? Charpin, 1995). The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. 131 f.). Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. Isin in the Kassite Period". The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. In the period . These grants were recorded on stone stelae (sing. The commonly held opinion that they originated from the Zagros mountains east of Babylonia (see, e.g., Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Heinz, 1995, p. 167) is based on the assumption that their geographical distribution before they took over the Babylonian alluvium was the same as their distribution after the demise of the Kassite rule in Babylonia. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. 27181. Mesopotamian History and Babylon - World History Encyclopedia 76, no. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. 1499 BCE. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. 850-98. A. Brinkman, Kassiten (Kass), RLA, vol. 329 f.): ERN u-q-mu-[na(? Learn how your comment data is processed. Their capital city was Dur-Kurigalzu. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Most cultic offices and lower administrative ranks were almost exclusively in the hands of Babylonians (Akkadians). Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. Mesopotamian Pottery. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). 8, 1966, pp. ). Iraq, vol. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. The letters M-S in ancient Egyptian mean to come from. (Non-dynastic usurpers17351701 BCE) The Midianites were a biblical people who occupied territory east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of the Arabah. This was followed by Dynasty II of Isin (1169-1039 b.c. 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. G. del Monte and J. Tischler, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der hethitischen Texte, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 6, Wiesbaden, 1978. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible - Google Books Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. R. Zadok, The Origin of the Name Shinar, ZA 74, 1984, pp. Saarbrcken: Saarlndische Druckerei und Verlag, Sternitzke, Katja. H. H. Paper, rev. "Kassite." 1-26. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow Im a genius. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. [19], The ancient city of Nippur was a major focus for the Kassites. Brinkman, J. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. 112 f.). The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years during the late bronze age, possessed a pantheon of gods but few are known beyond the laconic mention in the theophoric element of a name. Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. ; Sassmannshausen, 2000, pp. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. The Karun river runs a course of over 500 miles. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. Namri was named Babil, i.e., Babylon, in Urartian inscriptions, according to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1979, pp. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. The Babylonian territory had experienced internal strife and rebellion and the people of Elam took advantage of this situation and conquered Babylon. [38], The annals of the Assyrian king Sennacherib detail that on his second, eastern, campaign of 702 BC he campaigned against the land of the Kassites, that being along the along the Diyala River between the Jebel Hamrin and the Darband-i-Khan. It was located near the Euphrates River . 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. Mesopotamia - HISTORY 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. [17] This practice continued for several centuries after the end of the Kassite Dynasty. 131 f.). Last modified August 03, 2011. 43 f.; cf. Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C.
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